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Unit of information

This commodity is about the unit of information. For other uses, meet Scrap (disambiguation).

The fleck is the near basic unit of data in computing and digital communications. The proper noun is a portmanteau of binary digit.^[1] The flake represents a logical country with one of two possible values. These values are about usually represented as either "1" or "0", but other representations such as true/false, aye/no, +/−, or on/off are commonly used.

The correspondence between these values and the concrete states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used fifty-fifty within the same device or plan. It may exist physically implemented with a two-state device.

The symbol for the binary digit is either 'bit' per recommendation past the IEC 80000-13:2008 standard, or the lowercase character 'b', equally recommended by the IEEE 1541-2002 standard.

A contiguous grouping of binary digits is commonly called a bit string, a scrap vector, or a single-dimensional (or multi-dimensional) bit array. A group of eight binary digits is called one byte, but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined. Oftentimes, half, full, double and quadruple words consist of a number of bytes which is a low power of two.

In data theory, 1 bit is the information entropy of a binary random variable that is 0 or i with equal probability,^[2] or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known.^{[3] [4]} Every bit a unit of information, the bit is likewise known as a shannon,^[5] named afterwards Claude East. Shannon.

History [edit]

The encoding of data past detached bits was used in the punched cards invented by Basile Bouchon and Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1732), developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard (1804), and later adopted by Semyon Korsakov, Charles Babbage, Hermann Hollerith, and early on computer manufacturers like IBM. A variant of that idea was the perforated paper tape. In all those systems, the medium (card or record) conceptually carried an array of pigsty positions; each position could be either punched through or not, thus carrying one bit of data. The encoding of text past bits was also used in Morse code (1844) and early on digital communications machines such as teletypes and stock ticker machines (1870).

Ralph Hartley suggested the use of a logarithmic measure of data in 1928.^[half-dozen] Claude E. Shannon first used the give-and-take "bit" in his seminal 1948 newspaper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication".^{[seven] [viii] [9]} He attributed its origin to John Westward. Tukey, who had written a Bong Labs memo on ix January 1947 in which he contracted "binary information digit" to but "scrap".^[vii] Vannevar Bush had written in 1936 of "$.25 of data" that could be stored on the punched cards used in the mechanical computers of that time.^[10] The beginning programmable computer, built past Konrad Zuse, used binary notation for numbers.

Physical representation [edit]

A fleck can be stored by a digital device or other concrete system that exists in either of ii possible singled-out states. These may be the two stable states of a flip-bomb, two positions of an electrical switch, two singled-out voltage or current levels allowed past a circuit, two distinct levels of light intensity, two directions of magnetization or polarization, the orientation of reversible double stranded Dna, etc.

Bits can be implemented in several forms. In most modern computing devices, a flake is usually represented by an electrical voltage or electric current pulse, or by the electrical state of a flip-bomb circuit.

For devices using positive logic, a digit value of 1 (or a logical value of truthful) is represented by a more positive voltage relative to the representation of 0. The specific voltages are dissimilar for different logic families and variations are permitted to allow for component aging and noise amnesty. For case, in transistor–transistor logic (TTL) and compatible circuits, digit values 0 and 1 at the output of a device are represented by no higher than 0.4 volts and no lower than two.vi volts, respectively; while TTL inputs are specified to recognize 0.8 volts or below as 0 and 2.2 volts or above as ane.

Manual and processing [edit]

Bits are transmitted one at a time in serial transmission, and past a multiple number of bits in parallel manual. A bitwise operation optionally processes bits ane at a time. Data transfer rates are usually measured in decimal SI multiples of the unit bit per second (bit/s), such as kbit/s.

Storage [edit]

In the earliest non-electronic information processing devices, such as Jacquard's loom or Babbage's Belittling Engine, a bit was often stored equally the position of a mechanical lever or gear, or the presence or absence of a hole at a specific point of a paper carte or tape. The first electrical devices for discrete logic (such every bit lift and traffic calorie-free control circuits, telephone switches, and Konrad Zuse's computer) represented bits as u.s. of electrical relays which could be either "open" or "airtight". When relays were replaced by vacuum tubes, starting in the 1940s, reckoner builders experimented with a multifariousness of storage methods, such equally pressure pulses traveling down a mercury delay line, charges stored on the inside surface of a cathode-ray tube, or opaque spots printed on drinking glass discs past photolithographic techniques.

In the 1950s and 1960s, these methods were largely supplanted by magnetic storage devices such as magnetic core memory, magnetic tapes, drums, and disks, where a bit was represented by the polarity of magnetization of a certain area of a ferromagnetic film, or by a change in polarity from ane direction to the other. The aforementioned principle was later used in the magnetic bubble memory developed in the 1980s, and is yet found in various magnetic strip items such as metro tickets and some credit cards.

In mod semiconductor memory, such as dynamic random-access memory, the two values of a scrap may be represented by two levels of electric charge stored in a capacitor. In sure types of programmable logic arrays and read-just memory, a scrap may be represented by the presence or absenteeism of a conducting path at a sure bespeak of a circuit. In optical discs, a bit is encoded as the presence or absence of a microscopic pit on a cogitating surface. In i-dimensional bar codes, bits are encoded as the thickness of alternating black and white lines.

Unit of measurement and symbol [edit]

The flake is not defined in the International System of Units (SI). Yet, the International Electrotechnical Committee issued standard IEC 60027, which specifies that the symbol for binary digit should be 'bit', and this should be used in all multiples, such as 'kbit', for kilobit.^[11] However, the lower-case letter 'b' is widely used too and was recommended by the IEEE 1541 Standard (2002). In dissimilarity, the upper case letter of the alphabet 'B' is the standard and customary symbol for byte.

Multiple-scrap units v t e
Decimal Value Metric 1000 kbit kilobit one thousand2 Mbit megabit 1000three Gbit gigabit 1000iv Tbit terabit thouv Pbit petabit 10006 Ebit exabit 10007 Zbit zettabit 10008 Ybit yottabit	Binary Value IEC Legacy 1024 Kibit kibibit Kbit Kb kilobit 1024ii Mibit mebibit Mbit Mb megabit 1024three Gibit gibibit Gbit Gb gigabit 10244 Tibit tebibit Tbit Tb terabit 10245 Pibit pebibit — 1024half-dozen Eibit exbibit — 1024vii Zibit zebibit — 10248 Yibit yobibit —
Orders of magnitude of data

Multiple bits [edit]

Multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways. For convenience of representing normally reoccurring groups of bits in data engineering, several units of data take traditionally been used. The well-nigh common is the unit byte, coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956, which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a unmarried character of text (until UTF-8 multibyte encoding took over) in a computer^{[12] [13] [14] [15] [sixteen]} and for this reason it was used as the basic addressable element in many computer architectures. The trend in hardware design converged on the nigh common implementation of using viii bits per byte, equally information technology is widely used today. Withal, because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design, the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of 8 bits.

Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size, conventionally named "words". Like the byte, the number of bits in a word besides varies with the hardware blueprint, and is typically between eight and 80 bits, or even more in some specialized computers. In the 21st century, retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits.

The International System of Units defines a series of decimal prefixes for multiples of standardized units which are usually too used with the bit and the byte. The prefixes kilo (10ⁱⁱⁱ) through yotta (10²⁴) increment by multiples of one g, and the respective units are the kilobit (kbit) through the yottabit (Ybit).

Information capacity and information pinch [edit]

This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: information technology cites a fact about global information content in computers from 2007. Please aid update this section to reflect recent events or newly available data. (October 2018)

When the data capacity of a storage system or a advice aqueduct is presented in $.25 or bits per second, this oft refers to binary digits, which is a computer hardware capacity to shop binary data (0 or 1, up or down, current or not, etc.).^[17] Information capacity of a storage system is just an upper jump to the quantity of information stored therein. If the ii possible values of one chip of storage are not equally likely, that bit of storage contains less than one scrap of information. If the value is completely predictable, then the reading of that value provides no data at all (zero entropic $.25, considering no resolution of dubiety occurs and therefore no information is bachelor). If a calculator file that uses north bits of storage contains only one thousand <due north bits of information, then that information can in principle exist encoded in about m bits, at to the lowest degree on the average. This principle is the basis of information pinch applied science. Using an analogy, the hardware binary digits refer to the amount of storage space bachelor (like the number of buckets available to shop things), and the data content the filling, which comes in dissimilar levels of granularity (fine or coarse, that is, compressed or uncompressed information). When the granularity is effectively—when information is more compressed—the same bucket tin can concord more.

For instance, information technology is estimated that the combined technological chapters of the world to shop information provides one,300 exabytes of hardware digits. However, when this storage infinite is filled and the corresponding content is optimally compressed, this only represents 295 exabytes of information.^[18] When optimally compressed, the resulting carrying capacity approaches Shannon information or information entropy.^[17]

Bit-based computing [edit]

Sure bitwise estimator processor instructions (such equally chip set up) operate at the level of manipulating bits rather than manipulating information interpreted equally an aggregate of bits.

In the 1980s, when bitmapped computer displays became pop, some computers provided specialized bit block transfer instructions to set or copy the bits that corresponded to a given rectangular area on the screen.

In about computers and programming languages, when a bit within a group of bits, such as a byte or word, is referred to, it is normally specified by a number from 0 upwards corresponding to its position within the byte or give-and-take. However, 0 can refer to either the most or least significant bit depending on the context.

Other information units [edit]

Like to torque and free energy in physics; information-theoretic information and information storage size have the same dimensionality of units of measurement, but there is in general no significant to calculation, subtracting or otherwise combining the units mathematically, although one may act as a jump on the other.

Units of information used in information theory include the shannon (Sh), the natural unit of information (nat) and the hartley (Hart). One shannon is the maximum expected value for the data needed to specifying the land of i bit of storage. These are related by one Sh ≈ 0.693 nat ≈ 0.301 Hart.

Some authors also ascertain a binit equally an arbitrary information unit equivalent to some fixed but unspecified number of bits.^[19]

Meet too [edit]

• Byte
• Integer (informatics)
• Primitive data blazon
• Trit (Trinary digit)
• Qubit (breakthrough fleck)
• Bitstream
• Entropy (data theory)
• Bit rate and baud rate
• Binary numeral arrangement
• Ternary numeral system
• Shannon (unit)
• Nibble

References [edit]

1. ^ Mackenzie, Charles Eastward. (1980). Coded Graphic symbol Sets, History and Development. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. p. x. ISBN978-0-201-14460-4. LCCN 77-90165. Archived from the original on 2016-xi-xviii. Retrieved 2016-05-22 . [1]
2. ^ Anderson, John B.; Johnnesson, Rolf (2006), Understanding Information Transmission
3. ^ Haykin, Simon (2006), Digital Communications
4. ^ IEEE Std 260.1-2004
5. ^ "Units: B". Archived from the original on 2016-05-04.
6. ^ Abramson, Norman (1963). Data theory and coding. McGraw-Hill.
7. ^ ^{a b} Shannon, Claude Elwood (July 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" (PDF). Bell Organization Technical Journal. 27 (3): 379–423. doi:x.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.10. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-ii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1998-07-fifteen. The choice of a logarithmic base of operations corresponds to the selection of a unit of measurement for measuring information. If the base ii is used the resulting units may be called binary digits, or more briefly $.25, a word suggested past J. W. Tukey.
8. ^ Shannon, Claude Elwood (October 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Bell Arrangement Technical Periodical. 27 (iv): 623–666. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-ii.
9. ^ Shannon, Claude Elwood; Weaver, Warren (1949). A Mathematical Theory of Communication (PDF). Academy of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-72548-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1998-07-fifteen.
10. ^ Bush-league, Vannevar (1936). "Instrumental analysis". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 42 (ten): 649–669. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1936-06390-1. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
11. ^ National Institute of Standards and Applied science (2008), Guide for the Utilise of the International System of Units. Online version. Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
12. ^ Bemer, Robert William (2000-08-08). "Why is a byte 8 $.25? Or is it?". Computer History Vignettes. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03 . […] With IBM'south STRETCH computer as background, treatment 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for information technology, under the guidance of Dr. Werner Buchholz, the man who DID coin the term "byte" for an 8-fleck grouping). […] The IBM 360 used eight-fleck characters, although not ASCII straight. Thus Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the proper noun for many reasons. […]
13. ^ Buchholz, Werner (1956-06-11). "vii. The Shift Matrix" (PDF). The Link System. IBM. pp. 5–6. Stretch Memo No. 39G. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-04 . […] Most important, from the point of view of editing, volition be the power to handle any characters or digits, from ane to half-dozen bits long […] the Shift Matrix to be used to catechumen a 60-bit word, coming from Memory in parallel, into characters, or "bytes" as we take called them, to be sent to the Adder serially. The threescore $.25 are dumped into magnetic cores on vi unlike levels. Thus, if a i comes out of position ix, it appears in all six cores underneath. […] The Adder may accept all or simply some of the bits. […] Assume that it is desired to operate on four bit decimal digits, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six $.25 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to nine, of which the terminal 2 are again ignored, and then on. […] It is just as easy to use all six $.25 in alphanumeric work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to kickoff the bytes past any number of $.25. […]
14. ^ Buchholz, Werner (February 1977). "The Discussion "Byte" Comes of Age..." Byte Magazine. ii (2): 144. […] The first reference constitute in the files was independent in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early days of developing Stretch. A byte was described as consisting of whatsoever number of parallel bits from one to six. Thus a byte was causeless to have a length appropriate for the occasion. Its kickoff use was in the context of the input-output equipment of the 1950s, which handled six $.25 at a fourth dimension. The possibility of going to viii bit bytes was considered in Baronial 1956 and incorporated in the design of Stretch shortly thereafter. The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper "Processing Data in Bits and Pieces" past One thousand A Blaauw, F P Brooks Jr and W Buchholz in the IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, June 1959, page 121. The notions of that paper were elaborated in Chapter 4 of Planning a Calculator System (Project Stretch), edited by W Buchholz, McGraw-Hill Book Company (1962). The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 equally follows:
    Byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of $.25 transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than character is used hither because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than i code, and different codes may utilise different numbers of $.25 (ie, different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely capricious and take no relation to bodily characters. (The term is coined from seize with teeth, only respelled to avoid accidental mutation to bit.)
    System/360 took over many of the Stretch concepts, including the basic byte and word sizes, which are powers of 2. For economic system, still, the byte size was fixed at the eight bit maximum, and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte addressing. […]
15. ^ Blaauw, Gerrit Anne; Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips; Buchholz, Werner (1962), "Chapter four: Natural Data Units" (PDF), in Buchholz, Werner (ed.), Planning a Estimator Organisation – Project Stretch, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. / The Maple Press Visitor, York, PA., pp. 39–40, LCCN 61-10466, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-03, retrieved 2017-04-03
16. ^ Bemer, Robert William (1959). "A proposal for a generalized carte du jour code of 256 characters". Communications of the ACM. 2 (nine): 19–23. doi:10.1145/368424.368435. S2CID 36115735.
17. ^ ^{a b} Information in small bits Information in Small Bits is a book produced as part of a non-profit outreach project of the IEEE Data Theory Society. The book introduces Claude Shannon and basic concepts of Information Theory to children viii and older using relatable drawing stories and trouble-solving activities.
18. ^ "The Earth'southward Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, especially Supporting online textile Archived 2011-05-31 at the Wayback Motorcar, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), threescore-65; free access to the commodity through hither: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
19. ^ Bhattacharya, Amitabha (2005). Digital Advice. Tata McGraw-Loma Education. ISBN978-0-07059117-two. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27.

External links [edit]

Look up fleck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Flake Calculator – a tool providing conversions between bit, byte, kilobit, kilobyte, megabit, megabyte, gigabit, gigabyte
• BitXByteConverter – a tool for computing file sizes, storage capacity, and digital information in diverse units

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit

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